วันศุกร์ที่ 26 พฤศจิกายน พ.ศ. 2553

นายก ตัวตลก และซุปเปอร์แมนตัวจริง

จอมตระบัดสัตย์-เนรคุณ-มักง่าย-คิดสั้้น-หลงอำนาจ ข้อกล่าวหานายกอภิสิทธิ์

1. พธม. - ที่ส่วนหนึ่งคือคนที่ร่วมสนธิ ลิ้ม ไล่ทักษิณ และอีกส่วนคือกองเชียร์อภิสิทธิ์ ถึงวันนี้ ถูกเฉาะแบ่งซีกไปแล้ว

"ผมพูดมาตลอดเวลา การสู้กับ ทักษิณ จตุพร ไม่ใช่เรื่องยาก แต่สู้กับวิญญูชนจอมปลอม พวกพูดจาสุภาพ พูดเก่ง แต่ลับหลังทำความชั่วตลอด นี่เหนื่อยฉิบหาย พอถึงเวลาตัวเองก็บอกว่าไม่อยู่แล้วประเทศไทย บทเรียนในครั้งนี้สอนให้เรารู้ว่าพันธมิตรฯต้องจุดเทียนขึ้นอีกเล่ม " นายสนธิ กล่าว

นายสนธิ กล่าวอีกว่า ช่วงที่เราชุมนุม 193 วัน ส.ส.พรรคประชาธิปัตย์ ก็มาขอขึ้นเวทีบ้าง มาเดินให้เห็นว่าสนับสนุนบ้าง พอโดนยิงก็ยื่นเรื่องป.ป.ช.ให้เล่นงานตำรวจ ทำเหมือนเป็นพวกเดียวกับเรา แต่พอเหยียบศพขึ้นเป็นรัฐบาล ไอ้พวกที่ทะลึ่งจะมาขึ้นเวทีก็บอกว่าต้องทำตามมติพรรค ตนเชื่อว่า พรรคประชาธิปัตย์เองก็ไม่ได้ดีไปกว่าพรรคเพื่อไทย พรรคประชาธิปัตย์ทำตัวเป็นเทพ และให้พรรคเพื่อไทยเป็นมาร พอพันธมิตรฯ ถอดหน้ากากก็กลายเป็นผีดิบ ที่ไม่ได้แค่หลอก แต่ดูดเลือดดูดเนื้อด้วย ขณะที่พรรคประชาธิปัตย์บอกว่า ถ้าแก้ม.190 มีสัญญาที่ทำกับต่างประเทศแล้วจะมีผู้ประกอบการรายย่อยเดือดร้อน ไม่จำเป็นต้องเยียวยาทันที นั่นหมายความว่า พรรคประชาธิปัตย์กำลังขออำนาจแก้กฎหมายสูงสุดเพื่อไม่ต้องช่วยเหลือทันทีหากจะไปเปิดการค้าเสรีกับต่างชาติ

"ประวัติศาสตร์ พรรคประชาธิปัตย์ ตั้งแต่สูญเสียดินแดน ปล่อยให้ฝรั่งปล้นไทยยุคคุณชวน มาถึงยุคนี้จะทำให้เสียดินแดน ฝีมือพรรคเทพทั้งนั้น ที่พันธมิตรฯ พูดมันไม่เถียงสักคำ พอเราจี้ม.190 ก็อ้างว่าไม่เห็น จะไม่เห็นได้อย่างไรก็พวกคุณส่งร่างแก้ไขฯกันเข้ามา นอกจากตระบัดสัตย์ ยังเนรคุณอีก แถมอ้างว่าตัวเป็นประชาธิปไตย แต่มีใจเผด็จการ" นายสนธิ กล่าว.

2. สองสาม-มาตรฐานของขบวนการยุติธรรม กับคนใส่เสื้อแดง

เอาแค่การเลือกปฏิบัติ และเลือกจัดการ กับผู้ทำผิด แกนบางส่วนหนี บางส่วนติดคุก บางส่วนไม่ติดคุก ได้ประกันและได้เอกสิทธิ์ สส.คุ้มครอง ทั้งที่ตั้งข้อหาฉกากฉกรรจ์ เป็นผู้ก่อการร้าย และถึงวันนี้ จับได้แล้ว คนที่ยิง M-79 ในหลายๆจุด เป็น ร้อยๆนัด มาจากคนๆเดียว

3. ปัญหาน้ำท่วม และการเข้าถึงในการเยียวยา กับซุปเปอร์แมนตัวจริง

หลายคนบอกว่า รัฐบาลบรหารจัดการผิดพลาดเรื่องการแก้ปัญหาน้ำแล้ง และน้ำท่วม เป็นการคาดไม่ถึง อีกเรื่องที่สร้างความเสียหายใหญ่หลวง และท้ายที่สุด คนที่เป็นแพะคือ นักวิชาการนักวิจัย ถูกเพิ่มงบประมาณให้โดยไม่ได้ร้องขอ หน่วยงานเตือนภัยต่างๆ การเพิ่มงบที่ไม่ต่างอะไรกับการโยนผิด การเข้าถึงเยียวยาของภาครัฐล่าช้า แม้มีข่าวแจกเงินครัวเรือน ละ 5 พันบาท แต่ก้อไม่สามารถทาบรัศมีซุปเปอร์แมนตัวจริงแบบสรยุทธ์ นักเล่าข่าว ได้ จนมีการพูดถึงว่า อาจเป็นคาดิเดท นายกสมัยหน้า ที่เข้ากระชับปัญหาได้โดนใจชาวบ้าน ลุยน้ำช่วยเหลือให้ข่าว ในหลายพื้นที่ จนเป็นไข้หวัด

4. กลุ่มพิทักษ์อากาศฯ ยื่นหนังสือร้องเรียน ซ้ำอีกรอบ กับนายกอภิสิทธิ์ เรื่องโรงแยกก๊าซใหม่ ของ ปตท. เสี่ยง

ยื่นแล้วเดิม 16 ม.ค. 53 ไปยื่นอีกรอบ 20 พ.ย. 53 เกือบ 1 ปี ในการรับรู้ปัญหา แต่ไร้วี่แววของขบวนการตรวจสอบ-ติดตาม ศาลปกครองระยอง ไม่รับฟ้อง หลังจากเก็บไว้ 100 วัน ขณะนี้ยื่นอุทธรณ์ศาลปกครองสูงสุด ผ่านมานานกว่า 60 วัน เรื่องไปอยู่ในขบวนการยุติธรรม เกือบ ครึ่งปีแล้ว แม้ไม่รับคำฟ้อง ก็ไม่ได้แสดงว่า โครงสร้างพิเศษสำคัญทั้งหมด มั่นคงแข็งแรง ไม่ทรุดไม่พัง ท่อไม่แตกก๊าซไวไฟไม่รั่วไหล ไฟจะไม่ไหม้ ไม่มีการระเบิดลุกลาม เพราะแม้มีหน่วยงานใดออกมาชี้แจง ว่าแข็งแรงโดยไม่มีการตรวจสอบ-ติดตามแล้วนั้น ความเสี่ยงภัยของผู้คนประชาชนในมาบตาพุด ยังไม่ถุกขจัดออกไป แม้มีเรื่องซ้ำเก่าบอกว่า การดำเนินการของ ปตท. "บกพร่องอย่างกว้างขวางและเป็นระบบ" ก็ตาม การเรียกร้องค่าชดเชยเป็นเงินหลายหมื่นล้าน จากรัฐบาลอินโดนีเซีย เและการจะไม่ให้สัมปทานแท่นเจาะจากรัฐบาลออสเตรเลีย มันกำลังบอกอะไร แต่ขณะนี้ ผู้บริหารรัฐ เฉยชา กับ "ความมักง่ายบกพร่องอย่างกว้างขวาง ของ ปตท." ที่มาบตาพุดอีก

5. นายกอภิสิทธิ์ สวมหมวกถุงยาง (ที่ไม่ใช่วัสดุรีไซเคิล) เพื่อคุมกำเนิดความคิด

ถุงยาง ทำขึ้นเพื่อหยุดการสืบเผ่าพันธ์ และป้องกันโรคจากการสืบพันธ์ / คนซึ่งน่าจะเป็นสัตว์โลกชนิดเดียวที่ สนุกสนานกับการสืบพันธ์ และก็คงเป็นเรื่องที่คนคิดว่า มันเป็นความเหนือกว่าพิเศษกว่าสัตว์โลกชนิดอื่นๆ

การสวมถุงยางหัวข้างล่าง เพื่อคุมกำเนิดชีวิต แต่การเอาถุงยางหลายๆอันมาสวมหัวบน คงจะคุมกำเนิดความคิด ... ทั้งๆที่ ขณะนี้ นายกอภิสิทธิ์ คิดอะไรสั้นๆ อยู่แล้วเป็นประจำ

หมดเวลาแล้ว!!! สำหรับผู้นำ ที่ยิ่งอยู่นาน ยิ่งทำให้สังคมโงนเงนง่อนแง่น


วันอังคารที่ 21 กันยายน พ.ศ. 2553

วิสัยทัศน์สั้น แต่ลิ้นกลับบางและยาว

วิสัยทัศน์สั้น แต่ลิ้นกลับบางและยาว วันๆ ชอบแต่หาวง่วง

หลับแล้วหลับอีก เรียกขานบ่อยครั้ง กลับเหม่อลอย

กลับกลายเป็นตัวที่ถูกรักมาก ถูกเอาอกเอาใจมาก ประคบประหงมมาก

ก้อรู้ทั้งรู้ว่ามันชอบเลีย แพล่บๆ วันๆไม่เคยเห็นคิดจะทำอะไร

ก้อรู้ทั้งรู้ว่ามันชอบเลีย แพล่บๆ วันๆเห็นก้อแต่เดินตามเลีย

กลับกลายเป็นตัวที่ถูกรักมาก ถูกเอาอกเอาใจมาก ประคบประหงมมาก

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เพราะว่า ....

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มันน่ารักเอามากๆ 555+


วันอาทิตย์ที่ 8 สิงหาคม พ.ศ. 2553

ทำไม! ยักษ์ตัวหนักๆ ใหญ่ๆ ต้องขึ้นอยู่บนฟ้า แล้วดันเลี้ยงไก่ที่ไข่เป็นทองคำ



ผมอ่าน เรื่อง แจ๊คผู้ฆ่ายักษ์ ซ้ำๆ ทั้งที่มันไม่ใช่ นิยายเรื่องสามก๊ก เรื่องแต่งหรือเรื่องจริง หรือเป็นแค่ ฤาษีได้ยินนกกระจิบคุยกัน จนเอามาเล่าเรียบเรียง จนเป็นมหากาพย์

ตอนนี้ เวลานี้ ผมอาจยังไม่เข้าใจ ... แต่เมื่อถึงเวลาหนึ่งแล้ว เรื่องราวต่างๆ ความคิดต่างๆ จะปรากฎ ขึ้นเอง เหมือนที่บอกว่า ระยะทางพิสูจน์ม้า กาลเวลาพิสูจน์คน มนุษย์อาจไม่เคยอยู่ทันยุคไดโนเสาร์ แต่อย่าลืมว่า ยุคของไดโนเสาร์อยู่นั้น นับล้านปี ทั้งที่มนุษย์ เพิ่งพิสูจน์ ความเป็นตัวตนได้ ไม่กี่หมืนกี่พันปี แค่เพียงเสี้ยวเศษฝุ่นธุลี ของอสงไขย์

วันจันทร์ที่ 26 กรกฎาคม พ.ศ. 2553

Methane Gas Explosion in the Gulf Could Kill Millions


ภาพแท่นเจาะน้ำมันและก๊าซ ของ BP ระเบิด

ใครให้ความสนใจเรื่องนี้บ้าง แม้ไม่เป็นข่าวอะไรเลยในประเทศไทย แต่สื่ออเมริกัน หลายๆสื่อให้ความสนใจเรื่องนี้ และมีข่าวออกมากันเป็นระยะๆ ทั้งๆที่เรื่องนี้ มีการเตือนจากนักธรณีวิทยา มาตั้งแต่ก่อนมีการขุดเจาะของ BP และเรื่องนี้ก้อไม่ธรรมดา ถ้ามีการระเบิดของก๊าซมีเทน จำนวนมหาศาล อาจทำให้เกิดคลื่นสึนามิ ถาโถมไปยังชายฝั่ง และแน่นอนว่า หลายล้านชีวิต ที่อาจได้รับผลกระทบ
Reuters

Methane in Gulf "astonishingly high": U.S. scientist - (Reuters) - As much as 1 million times the normal level of methane gas has been found in some regions near the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, enough to potentially deplete oxygen and create a dead zone, U.S. scientists said on Tuesday.

Texas A&M University oceanography professor John Kessler, just back from a 10-day research expedition near the BP Plc oil spill in the gulf, says methane gas levels in some areas are "astonishingly high."

Kessler's crew took measurements of both surface and deep water within a 5-mile (8 kilometer) radius of BP's broken wellhead.

"There is an incredible amount of methane in there," Kessler told reporters in a telephone briefing.

In some areas, the crew of 12 scientists found concentrations that were 100,000 times higher than normal.

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DR. TOM TERMOTO : DIRE REALITIES OF THE METHANE PREDICAMENT IN THE GULF OF MEXICO

Christiane Tourtet B.A.
Dr. Tom Termotto, National Coordinator for Gulf Oil Spill Remediation Conference, (International Citizens´ Initiative) in Tallahassee, FL , has issued a very important and excellent Press Release in regard to the disastrous consequences of methane gas associated with the BP Gulf Oil Spill. I am urging everyone to read very carefully the following information from Dr. Tom Termotto´s outstanding press release.

Methane Gas, Methane Hydrate & Methane Clathrate Formations and Behavior

There has been a spate of articles recently throughout the MSM and alternative media depicting the methane gas predicament associated with the BP Gulf Oil Spill. Many of these perspectives portray an alarming state of affairs concerning extremely high concentrations of methane that have accumulated in numerous areas in the Gulf of Mexico. The two primary issues of concern are the methane effects in the aquatic environment and the methane gas accumulations in the atmosphere above the Gulf and within contiguous land masses. In regard to the latter, the weather patterns will reign supreme. Once methane rises above the surface of the Gulf, where it goes, how it accumulates and what its toxic effects on life will be, is going to be dictated to a great extent by the weather.

"How's the weather down there?" When we ask each other this question, aren't we really asking, "How are the elements (elementals) treating us?" Well this question will never be more important to the residents rimming the Gulf of Mexico as we gear up for a long, hot, deep south summer with its likely share of hurricanes, tropical storms and depressions, which, by the way, can be a good or bad thing for "natural" oil spill remediation depending on a numerous factors and circumstances.

Methane Gas Explosion in the Gulf Could Kill Millions

http://www.associatedcontent.com/user/191725/dave_jackson.html?message=true
DAVE JACKSON

How the ultimate BP Gulf disaster could kill millions

BP found more than they bargained for in the Gulf - a mega pocket of highly pressurized methane gas. The worst environmental disaster in U. S. history has been unleashed on the Gulf coast. Now, millions of lives may be at risk from a deadly methane eruption

Fueled by secrecy - fear, anxiety and suspicion are escalating. A devastating eruption of methane gas, buried deep beneath the sea floor, could absolutely decimate the region. Even worse, this eruption could inundate the low lying coast line with a tsunami. [1]

High Risk Area for Methane and Blowouts

The extreme methane risk was well known before drilling commenced. Geologists warned oil companies working in the area that massive pockets of methane gas exist. The risk for a blowout and methane explosion was considered to be extremely high. [1]

BP chose to drill an ultra deep well directly above such a pocket - this one as large as 20 miles in diameter.

Discoveries of natural gas are, of course, an important part of exploration. But the pressures of these methane pockets were predicted to be far higher than current technology can deal with. Typical well head pressures are in the 1,500 pounds per square inch range. [2] Geologists warned that gas pressures in this area could range between 30,000 and 70,000 psi. [6]

No drilling equipment can handle this amount of pressure. Given the extreme risks (and benefits) involved with drilling in this location, BP is keeping a tight lid on data regarding pressures and drilling depth. There is speculation that the drilling went to at least 30,000 feet - far deeper than the 18,500 foot drilling permit allowed. Even more speculation exists that BP was following Russia's lead in searching for highly controversial "abiotic oil", since biogenic oil and gas should not exist below the 15,000 foot level. [6]

Evidence for a Serious Methane Gas Threat

The threat of a methane gas explosion in the Gulf has been attributed to fear mongering. Is there any evidence to these claims? Robotic submarines are returning some very alarming video footage of methane gas hazards.

Cracks and fissures are opening up on the sea floor over an area of several miles. A number of "pock marks" have appeared on the sea floor as far as 20 miles away from the original Macondo blow out. Oil and methane gas are escaping from areas that have never even been drilled.

Frighteningly, these fissures appear to be growing and connecting with each other. The methane pock marks are growing in size. Even worse, the weakened sea floor is being heaved up into a massive, fracturing, mound. A geological time bomb, previously locked away under miles of rock, has been disturbed. Fear is growing for the very grim possibility that a methane gas bubble, 15 to 20 miles in diameter, could indeed rupture the sea floor and escape with unimaginable violence. [1]

John Kessler of Texas A & M University, said "This is the most vigorous methane eruption in modern history". The oil contains 40% methane - much higher than the usual 5%. [3] Kessler found underwater methane in some areas that approached "a million times above background concentrations". [5]

In addition to methane, the EPA has found extremely high levels of benzene and hydrogen sulphide. Early H2S readings were 1,200 ppb - far higher than the allowed 5 - 10 ppb. [4]

It appears that BP did drill an ultra deep well, piercing an absolutely immense bubble of high pressure methane. Could they have unleashed a disaster that is unfolding with no possibility of reversal?

How Could the Ultimate BP Disaster Kill Millions?

The worst case scenarios are truly horrific. If this methane gas bubble ruptures the sea floor and unleashes itself, the devastation and loss of life would be unprecedented in human history. The loss of life would not be limited to oil field and spill clean up personnel - millions of lives all across the Gulf States could be at terrible risk.

The smallest problem: methane gas is not buoyant enough to float ships or oil rigs. Any vessels in the area would immediately sink. Similarly, aircraft cannot fly in methane - any aircraft would lose lift and simply fall out of the sky.

Any Underwater Disturbance can Cause a Tsunami. [7]

The amount of water displaced by such a methane gas bubble could easily generate a tsunami - likely of a magnitude that humanity has never seen before. A gigantic cavity would be left where the methane existed – which would immediately flood with sea water. Because of the extreme depths of the methane gas bubble, the temperatures are far above the boiling point of water. The icy sea water would explosively convert to steam, increase in volume dramatically, and erupt upwards to cause a second and possibly even larger tsunami. [1]

Looking at an elevation map of the Gulf and eastern seaboard of the United States, it's clear to see what kind of devastation a tsunami would cause. The gentle incline of the regions sea floor would force the tsunamis height to increase exponentially as it approaches the coast. The loss of life could very well be in the millions, making the Sumatra tsunami look trivial. Estimates for an earthquake generated tsunami in the region show 35 million lives could be in peril. [8]

Claims have been made that methane dissipates in water and simply cannot explode. But methane can and does rise to the surface and certainly can explode. In fact, the drilling rig itself was destroyed by a methane gas explosion seconds after the blowout. [9] This explosion and fire claimed 11 lives. But what would happen if the entire methane gas pocket was to erupt to the surface and explode?

Methane gas is explosive in atmospheric ratios between 5% and 15% - a wider range than gasoline. Hundreds of billions of cubic feet of methane could burst free in a matter of seconds - a situation that BP calls an "open communication to the sea floor". (8 billion cubic feet have already been released from the blown out well alone.) The possible detonation and fireball has been referred to as "biblical" in size and destruction - several times larger than the most powerful nuclear weapon ever exploded.

Environmental Catastrophe

Methane gas is 25 times more efficient as a global warming gas than carbon dioxide, over a 100 year period. [10] What could happen if all this methane erupted to the surface but did not explode? Those that survived the tsunamis would be spared the greatest explosion ever witnessed. Instead, a runaway acceleration of our global warming crisis could easily result.

Such releases of methane have happened before. 55 million years ago, uplifting tectonic plates began the process that created the Himalayas. Changes to the sea floor allowed mega pockets of methane gas to be released. Known as Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum, this period of global warming caused a temperature increase of 7 degrees Celsius. [11]

A temperature rise of this magnitude could potentially submerge our cities and our best agricultural land. Hundreds of millions of people, at the very least, could perish world wide through starvation and economic collapse.

The troubled Macondo well, far behind schedule, was turning into a financial horror show for BP. The crew, supervisors, and even Halliburton were gravely concerned about a major blowout . Blatant disregard for safety was shown right from the initial application through to the final explosion and sinking of the rig. Their efforts to save a few million dollars may dramatically change the course of history.

What if BP did punch an ultra deep well directly into a gargantuan pocket of methane - a pocket so deep that we have no experience with the pressures involved? What if the sea floor is beginning to unzip? Could this methane bubble tear through several miles of solid rock? Sedimentary rock, probably sandstone, isn't very solid really. It is already riddled with natural faults and has now been severely tampered with. Even hard granite is at risk because of it's vulnerability to crack propagation.

Will this liberated methane detonate in a "biblical fireball"? Will the Gulf States be inundated with a furious series of tsunamis? Will global warming accelerate at a pace we could not have imagined?

These are very grim questions that no one can answer. The situation is almost too frightening to believe. We've never experienced methane discharges or well pressures anywhere near these levels, and something very terrible is happening deep in the Gulf.

Terrible enough that detonating a nuclear blast to kill the well has been considered. As risky and radical as it sounds, the heat could cause a durable layer of glass to form over the entire problem. Or, it could make the problem worse - much worse...

Sources:

[1] Gulf Oil Gusher: Danger of Tsunamis from Methane?

[2] Kenneth S. Deffeyes, "Beyond Oil: The View From Hubbert's Peak

[3] Gulf Oil Full of Methane, Adding New Concerns

[4] BP Death Clouds Already Onshore!

[5] 1 million times the normal level of methane gas near the Gulf oil spill

[6] Coast to Coast AM Radio

[7]

[8] New Warning: U.S. Gulf Coast Faces High Tsunami Risk

[9] Worker: Transocean, BP argued before blast

[10] Methane

[11] Methane Explosion Warmed the Prehistoric Earth, Possible Again


BP's Well Cap Could Spell Disaster for the Gulf

The risk of a methane gas explosion in the Gulf is now greater than ever. The long awaited well cap has finally stopped the flow of oil. But the pressure on the entire Macondo well, already tortured for months, is causing

enormous fear. Deadly cracks in the sea floor could propagate and release the underlying methane pocket - a disaster with unimaginable implications for the entire planet.

Secrecy still shrouds many of the important details. A media ban, backed up with a $40,000 fine and threat of felony charges, only adds to the suspicion that something very dangerous is happening in the Gulf.

Real Danger

The threat that escalating pressure could permanently damage the well and cause leaks elsewhere is very real. President Obama ordered a delay to testing the well cap for this very reason. Many geologists have suggested that capping the well is too risky to attempt at all. Allowing the well to gush oil into the Gulf is of course an unpalatable scenario to live with. But a methane eruption of this magnitude would absolutely decimate the region. http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/5545850/methane_gas_explosion_in_the_gulf_could.html?cat=7

Cracks on the Sea Floor

Visible cracks on the sea floor are shown on many video feeds - a truly terrifying sight for those of us who know the risks involved. If these cracks run as deep as many suspect, the prospects for a complete disaster are grim. If the well is in fact an ultra deep well, as many suspect, these cracks could very well involve hard rock - right into the earth's mantle. Once rock such as granite begins cracking, crack propagation is almost inevitable when extreme pressures are applied. If these cracks are deep enough to cause problems we would see oil and methane leakage in other areas. Unfortunately, leaks over a 20 mile radius have been visible for several weeks.

The Pressure Secret

If BP's well is "only" 18,000 feet - as the drilling permit allowed - pressures should have been manageable. Pressures approaching 40,000 psi have already been confirmed, which are vastly above the normal pressures that should have been encountered. Rumors abound that pressure deep in the well is closer to 100,000 psi. This is far above what drilling equipment can deal with, and easily high enough to cause horrendous cracking of the sea floor to great depths.

The design of the well cap adds greatly to the suspicion of an ultra deep well and unprecedented pressures. The specifications released by BP show the pipe thickness to be 10 inches. Such a design indicates that pressures far above those found at 18,000 feet are being dealt with.

Methane Bubble

These cracks on the sea floor wouldn't be so horrifying and deadly if they weren't located in the vicinity of a pocket of methane so large that it's release could change the course of history. Geologists warned drillers several years ago about the size of these methane pockets, and of the very unstable nature of the region. The Gulf may have already been the scene of a mass extinction and climate changing eruption of methane many millions of years ago.

Why would BP chose to drill an ultra deep well into such an area? Why would they cut so may corners and take so many risks? Will the damaged well and cracked and tortured sea floor be able to withstand the newly inflicted pressures? Only time will tell.

 

 

Sources:

http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article20892.html

http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/5545850/methane_gas_explosion_in_the_gulf_could.html?cat=7

http://bp.concerts.com/gom/kentwellstechnicalupdate061010a.htm

GAS EXPLOSION HANDBOOK / คู่มือการระเบิดของแก๊ส

เราหาข้อมูล เรื่องการระเบิดของก๊าซ หรือ ข้อมูล เกี่ยวกับเหตุอันตรายต่างๆ ไม่ได้ โดยง่าย เรื่องบางเรื่องที่ส่งผลกระทบต่อภาคอุตสาหกรรม มักจะโดนการแฮก มีการทิ้งไวรัส หรือ ระหัสเข้ายาก หรือ การเข้าถึงข้อมูล มีปัญหา แต่โชคดีที่มีภาคการแปลภาษา ในอินเตอร์เน็ต ที่เป็นส่วนอำนวยความสะดวก ในการเข้าถึงข้อมูล และการไม่ต้องเปิดหาศัพท์บ่อย ซึ่งส่วนที่จะแนะนำ ต่อไปนี้ เป็นคู่มือเกี่ยวกับก๊าซระเบิด ความเข้าใจทำให้เราสามารถรู้เท่าทัน กับเหตุต่างๆ และการหลีกหนี จากเวบไซด์ ด้านล่าง คือ คู่มือภาษาอังกฤษ และคู่มือภาษาไทย แม้ภาษาไทย จะแปลผิดเพี้ยนไปบ้าง แต่จะช่วยลดเวลาในการเข้าถึงข้อมูลลงมาก

http://www.gexcon.com/handbook/GEXHBcontents.htm - กดเพื่อเข้าเวบภาษาอังกฤษ / คลิ๊กขวาเปิดในหน้าต่างใหม่
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ดูทั้งภาษาไทยและอังกฤษ ประกอบกันไปได้ ถ้าเปิดดู 2 แทบ - ลองดูนะครับ
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Industrial Gas Detection

AWE International | Issue 23

AWE International Logo

Industrial Gas Detection

Two recent and successful prosecutions brought by the UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) act as a stark reminder of the importance, among other systems and procedures, of having appropriate and functioning gas detection equipment to help protect employees from serious injury or even death.

On 24 July 2009 multi-national group Bodycote H.I.P. Ltd of Macclesfield Cheshire was fined £533,000 after pleading guilty to breaching section 2(1) of the Health and Safety at Work etc Act following the deaths of two of its workers at its manufacturing plant in Hereford.

In June 2004 the company’s Works Manager and Maintenance Engineer were found collapsed on the stairs leading to a concrete-lined pit into which argon gas had leaked from a large pressure vessel. The court heard that the oxygen alarm system, which would have warned of the oxygen-depleted atmosphere, was inhibited, with the audible alarm not able to sound, and that the ventilation system was not running.

On 25 June 2009 Brechin rendering plant Sacone Environmental Ltd, was fined £12,000 after pleading guilty to breaching Section 3(1) of the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 after two workers were overcome by hydrogen sulphide in July 2007 as they delivered animal waste from the neighbouring abattoir to a waste pit in preparation for incineration. The pair collapsed and lay unconscious in the waste intake area of the plant before being rescued and taken to hospital. The court heard that the waste intake area had no gas monitors or alarms installed and how its enclosed nature meant there was little exchange of air.

The HSE inspectors involved in investigating the incidents said that both were foreseeable and preventable - a warning to other companies about potential risks to their employees, particularly those working in confined spaces. Both inspectors stressed the importance of gas monitoring equipment.

What gas detectors can and can’t do

Gas detectors do not prevent leaks occurring or indicate what action should be taken, so they are no substitute for safe working practices and regular maintenance. They can, however, provide an early warning of a problem and help ensure the safety of employees, protecting them from the effects of explosion and fire, or short-term and long-term ill-health arising from flammable, toxic and asphyxiant gases. They are predominantly used to trigger alarms if a specified concentration of gas is exceeded but they can also measure workers’ exposure to gases.

gas-detection2.jpg Health and Safety International magazine

What and where you are monitoring

The importance of the use of gas detectors may be more obvious for some types of work and workplaces than others. For instance, in sampling from bore holes on landfill sites and in testing the operation of boilers and flues or in those industrial processes that use flammable and/or toxic gases such as in the solvent extraction process or combustion of gas and oil, their benefits are clear.

One of the most critical uses of a gas detector is, however, for working in confined spaces, as illustrated by the above case studies. On average, gas-related work in confined spaces kills around 10 people every year in the UK. Gas/vapour may be produced by work inside the confined space from, for example, welding, flame cutting, spray painting, use of adhesives or solvents or from combustion processes. It may, however, build up more unexpectedly from sources that may not be readily obvious e.g. from biological or chemical action in sewers and manholes, or anthropogenically, e.g. carbon dioxide may accumulate in pub cellars following leaks from compressed gas cylinders. The key point is that all employers need to ensure that they carry out a thorough risk assessment of the processes and adopt a safe system of work which either eliminates the risk or minimises it through effective controls or use of personal protective equipment such as appropriate gas detection.

Portable and fixed monitoring

Portable and fixed monitoring provide different types of information on gas concentration levels and are used for different purposes.

Portable detectors

These detectors are principally used to protect a worker from flammable, asphyxiant (ie oxygen deficiency) and toxic hazards, which can occur either individually or together. Portable detectors perform a vital role testing an atmosphere in a confined space before entry and monitoring during entry; they are also used for tracing leaks. They are carried typically by a mobile workforce. The detectors can either be capable of being worn on the lapel, on a belt/harness or handheld. They are inexpensive pieces of kit, especially the single gas, disposable monitors, which have a lifetime of a couple of years. Two types of alarm are possible: instantaneous and time-weighted average, depending on the hazard.

Portable gas detectors should be inspected for damage before every use and checked in-line with the manufacturer’s recommendations. It is also important to perform a ‘bump test’ before use which entails checking that the detector responds to a known concentration of test gas, having first obtained a zero reading is obtained in a clean atmosphere and that the detector responds to gas. The battery charge level should be sufficient for the job.

The ability to datalog is a useful feature. Historical data can be analysed to understand trends in exposure and events, leading to improvement in health and safety performance; examination of detector ‘events’, e.g. bump test results, can also increase the efficiency and effectiveness of detector use.

gas-detection3.jpg Health and Safety International magazine

Fixed detectors

A fixed (static) detector is permanently installed to provide continuous monitoring of plant and equipment. It is particularly useful when there is a possibility of a leak into an enclosed or partially enclosed space where flammable and/or toxic gases could accumulate. The gas detector should be set to alarm at a level low enough to ensure the health and safety of workers, but high enough to prevent false alarms which are most likely to be caused by changes in sensor output due to, for example,the gradual, natural degradation of sensors and drift in electronic components over time, extreme environmental conditions, very high concentrations of the target gases, exposure of some types of sensor to poisons and corrosive gases. If a specified gas concentration is exceeded, the detector system should trigger an alarm, audible and/or visible and distinguishable from the fire alarm as it is likely that different actions will be required. In determining the required alarm levels for fixed gas detection systems, it is important to take into account:

• Any industry standards and recommendations;

• Where appropriate, the lower explosion limit of the gas or vapour

• Whether the area is occupied

• The toxicity of the gas or vapour

• The size of the potential leak and the time to reach a hazardous situation

• The alarm response time of the detector

• The time required to respond to an alarm

• The actions to be taken following the alarm

A suitable safety margin should be incorporated to account for ventilation dead spots, where vapours could accumulate, and the variability of natural ventilation. One option is to set more than one alarm level. The lower alarm(s) act as a warning of a potential problem requiring investigation. The higher alarm triggers, either automatically or manually, an emergency response such as activating a control, e.g. ventilation, shutdown, evacuation.

Fixed detectors should be included in the plant maintenance schedule as the performance of most detectors deteriorates overtime, especially in dusty, corrosive or damp environments.

Additional important considerations

Gas detectors can’t do the job on their own

A safe system of work is the primary means of minimising risk from gasrelated hazards. The use of gas detection is secondary but nevertheless important as a tool for safe and healthy working practice. Portable gas detectors should only be used by those staff who have been trained in their use. Training is usually provided by the gas detector supplier. A typical training schedule could include:

• Ensuring that the detector is suitable for the purpose and is correctly configured

• Checking the instrument is functioning and reading correctly

• Using the instrument properly to obtain true readings

• Interpreting the results

Workers should also be trained in:

• The hazards and properties of dangerous substances on site

• The need for personal protective equipment (selection, correct fitting and use of respiratory equipment require specialist expertise and training)

• The action to take if the portable gas detector alarms

• Emergency procedures

Is the atmosphere potentially explosive?

It is essential that instruments for the detection of flammable gases and those for oxygen and toxic gases, which are used where flammable substances may be present, are certified as being safe for use in potentially explosive atmospheres (i.e. ATEX certification in the EU).

Am I up to date on workplace exposure limits?

Exposure limits of toxic substances are set and disseminated by the appropriate regulatory authority. New substances can be added, existing ones deleted, and exposure limits can change, invariably to lower values. It is therefore important to keep up-to-date. Revised limits should be considered in the context of the workplace risk assessment and how this may influence adoption of appropriate procedures to ensure adequate control of exposure. Detectors may need to be upgraded to be capable of meeting reduced limits, assuming the technology is available at a reasonable cost.

gas-detection4.jpg Health and Safety International magazine

Confined spaces: what do I need to know?

Testing and monitoring the atmosphere is just one consideration among many when designing a safe system of work. The UK approved code of practice for the Confined Space Regulations identifies the following considerations:

Risk Assessment - It is necessary for employers and employees to identify all risks which could occur by entering and working within a confined space. Part of the assessment must cover the possibility of atmospheric contamination which may be accounted for by looking at the recent history of the confined space and therefore any potential residues from previously occurring substances. The possibility of gas seepage from adjacent premises or plant and leaching of gases from surrounding land or ground water should be considered

• Preventing the need for entry - If the work can be undertaken without entering the confined space then it should be. This also applies to the pre-entry test of the atmosphere which should be conducted using sampling tubes or probes so that the instrument and its operator remain outside the confined space

• Safe working in confined spaces - For those people who must work in a confined space, this section covers the procedures which must be followed prior to and during entry. It suggests that following the risk assessment, the atmosphere may need to be tested for the presence of hazardous gas of deficiency of oxygen and that regular monitoring may be necessary. Guidance is given on the techniques which can be used to test the atmosphere and suitable gas detectors

• Emergency Procedures - Should an emergency arise while people are working within confined spaces, it is necessary for the relevant rescue personnel to also be equipped so as to minimise the risk to themselves. This may, again, include atmospheric monitoring devices

• Plant and equipment - All equipment provided or used for purposes of securing the health and safety of people either working in a confined space or those rescuing workers from one, should be in good repair and working order. This should include periodic examination and, depending on the equipment, inspection before every use e.g. breathing equipment. Specific mention is made of the need to properly maintain atmospheric monitoring equipment in accordance with manufacturer’s recommendations and that reports of examinations, maintenance and calibration records should be kept

• Training - The ACOP makes clear that employers must train staff in the risks associated in working in confined spaces. Amongst the training recommended is the use of atmospheric testing equipment and the action which needs to be taken depending on the readings achieved

Postscript: legislation, standards and gas detection

Legislation is the primary driver for the use of gas detectors in the workplace. In the EU, member states must enact directives through their own regulations. Although directives may not explicitly mention gas detectors, they may refer to them indirectly through equipment safety control and monitoring. For example, the Chemical Agents Directive 98/24/EC Protection of the health and safety of workers from the risks from chemical agents, (implemented in the UK as the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations) states that, to prevent or control exposure, (e.g. where required by the safety and health document) monitoring devices measuring gas concentrations at specified places (automatically and continuously), automatic alarms and devices to cut off power automatically from electrical installations and internal combustion engines, must be provided.

Another key piece of legislation in the UK is the Confined Space Regulations which states that so far as is reasonably practicable, no person at work shall enter or carry out any work in or (other than as a result of an emergency) leave a confined space otherwise than in accordance with a safe system of work.

A confined space is defined as a place which is substantially enclosed and there will be a reasonably foreseeable risk of serious injury from hazardous substances or conditions within the space or nearby. Some confined spaces are fairly easy to identify, for example, closed tanks, vessels and sewers. Others are less obvious but may be equally dangerous, for example, open-topped tanks and vats, closed and unventilated or inadequately ventilated rooms and silos, or constructions that become confined spaces during their manufacture.

In recent years the harmonisation of standards throughout Europe has led to the publication of many new standards covering performance and use of gas detecting instruments and systems. For toxic gas detection, the EN 45544 (Parts 1-4) series of standards, generically entitled “Workplace atmospheres - electrical apparatus used for the direct detection and direct concentration measurement of toxic gases and vapours” has been published. New standards for flammable gas detectors (EN 60079-29-1 and 60079-29-2) have emerged, a revised standard for oxygen detectors (EN 50104) is imminent, and work is in progress to produce a EN standard for carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide detectors for indoor air quality, including commercial applications.

Further Reading:

Greenham, L and Walsh, P. (2003) Int. Environmental Technology. Gas detectors in the workplace - The UK Confined Space Regulations, 13, (July 2003), 20-22

HSE (2003). Measurement of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in Confined Spaces. Toxic Substances Bulletin. Issue 50, Jan 2003. http://www.hse.gov.uk/toxicsubstances/ issue50.htm

HSE (2004) The selection and use of flammable gas detectors. http://www.hse.gov.uk/ pubns/gasdetector.pdf HSE (2009) Guidance Confined spaces at work. http://www.hse.gov.uk/confinedspace/

OSHA (2004) Verification Of Calibration for Direct-Reading Portable Gas Monitors. http:// www.osha.gov/dts/shib/shib050404.html

Henderson R E (1999) Portable Gas Detectors used in Confined Space and Other Industrial Atmospheric Monitoring Programs http://www. pksafety.com/pk_rae_confspace.pdf (accessed Sep 2009) [US viewpoint]

SIRA (2005). Gas Detector Selection and Calibration Guide. First Edition. Witherbys Publishing

Author Details: Peter Walsh, Health and Safety Laboratory

Tel: +44 (0)1298 218541

email: peter.walsh@hsl.gov.uk

Bob Daunton, Health and Safety Executive

Tel: +44 (0)1582 444224

email: bob.daunton@hse.gsi.gov.uk

Links to Products and Services

You may be interested in the following products and services on our sister site - OSE Directory.

Gas Detection, Noise Monitoring, Air Quality Monitoring, Emission Monitoring, Heavy Metal Monitoring, Odour Monitoring, Control and Treatment, Remote and Wireless Monitoring, Software, Landfill Gases, Air Sampling, Arm and Hand Protection, Frequency Monitoring, Head Protection, Height Safety Equipment, Medical, Portable and Fixed Lighting,Breathing Apparatus, Dust Extraction